**Appearance and Manufacturing** These black rods feature a fully threaded design (threads extend along the entire length of the shaft). Their surfaces typically undergo blackening or phosphating treatments. Manufactured from high-strength carbon steel (such as 45# steel or 35CrMoA) through a process involving thread rolling and heat treatment, they typically possess strength grades of 8.8, 10.9, or 12.9.

**Primary Applications** Primarily utilized for flange connections (e.g., in pipelines, pressure vessels, and valves), steel structures, and the installation of mechanical and electrical equipment. They can also be processed into double-ended studs for use in demanding operating environments characterized by high temperatures, high pressures, or severe vibration.


2021.05.07 XZ FASTENER